
Today is Holy Thursday, the day when the universal Church commemorates and celebrates three key events: The Last Supper at which Christ celebrated the Passover with His Apostles, and the institution of two Sacraments: Eucharist and Holy Orders.
So why have as the title of this post a sly and evasive statement that conjures up memories of scandal? Because of that crucial word “is.” The Last Supper, as it is described to us in the Gospels, is unique among Passover meals in that no lamb–a crucial ingredient for the ritual meal–is mentioned. We Christians realize that this is because Jesus Himself is the lamb, the innocent offering upon whom the sins of the household or, in Christ’s case, the entire world, are placed. Yet even this is not so strange as what Jesus does when He deviates from the normal discourse, prayers and ritual of the Passover.
“While they were eating, Jesus took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and giving it to his disciples said, “Take and eat; this is my body. Then he took a cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, “Drink from it, all of you, for this is my blood of the covenant, which will be shed on behalf of many for the forgiveness of sins. I tell you, from now on I shall not drink this fruit of the vine until the day when I drink it with you new in the kingdom of my Father.” (Matthew 26:26-29)
One might think that this would bother the apostles; to be enjoying this yearly tradition with their beloved friend and suddenly He starts talking like this? But they had been forewarned and had made their choice to accept what He taught, even if they did not understand it.
“Amen, amen, I say to you, whoever believes has eternal life. I am the bread of life. Your ancestors ate manna in the desert, but they died; this is the bread that came down from heaven so that one may eat it and not die. I am the living bread that came down from heaven; whoever eats this bread will live forever; and the bread that I will give is my flesh for the life of the world.”
The Jews quarreled among themselves, saying, “How can this man give us his flesh to eat?”
Jesus said to them, “Amen, amen, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you do not have life within you. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him on the last day. For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my flood remains in me and I in him. Just as the living Father sent me and I have life because of the Father, so also the one who feeds on me will have life because of me. This is the bread that came down from heaven. Unlike your ancestors who are and still died, whoever eats this bread will live forever…”
Then many of his disciples who were listening said, “This saying is hard; who can accept it?”
Since Jesus knew that his disciples were murmuring about this, he said to them, “Does this shock you? What if you were to see the Son of Man ascending to where he was before? It is the spirit that gives life, while the flesh is of no avail. The words I have spoken to you are spirit and life. But there are some of you who do not believe.” Jesus knew from the beginning the ones who would not believe and the one who would betray him. And he said, “For this reason I have told you that no one can come to me unless it is granted him by my Father.”
As a result of this, many of his disciples returned to their former way of life and no longer accompanied him. Jesus then said to the Twelve, “Do you also want to leave?”
Simon Peter answered him, “Master, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life. We have come to believe and are convinced that you are the Holy One of God.” (John 6:47-58, 60-69)
What I see here is a hinge upon which the faith of Jesus’ followers swings: on one hand we see the number of followers who hear that word “is” and think, “My God, he’s gone mad; he wants us to eat his flesh?” They ask, in the entirety of the Bread of Life discourse, three times for Jesus to clarify, hoping that He’s just telling another of His parables and, upon being asked about it, will explain the meaning. But He doesn’t, not one time. In John 6:42 they ask, basically, “Who are you? Aren’t you the son of Joseph?” to which Jesus replies, “Stop your murmuring; no one can know my Father unless they go through me first.”
This hardly addresses their concern; if anything it likely deepens it.
Later in verse 52 they say, “How can this man give us [his] flesh to eat?” To which He responds, “Do not fear, for I tell you a parable; my teachings are like flesh which you must eat and drink if you are to live forever.” No! Rather, Jesus says, “Unless you eat my flesh and drink my blood, you have no life within you.”
Now they realize that He is not telling a parable; He is saying what He means and meaning what He says. Finally they submit their last plea, hoping that He’ll explain what He means by eating His flesh and drinking His blood.
“This saying is hard; who can accept it?” Verse 60 is almost pitiable, the last cry of one whose faith has run dry, who cannot bring themselves to accept what God is asking of them. Here they beg Christ, “Please, PLEASE tell us, clearly, what you are talking about!” He has time and again spoken, telling them everything He meant to tell them in as clear language as possible, yet they are not satisfied; the Truth has been laid out right before them but they cannot bring themselves to accept it.
Jesus then calls them out, “Does this shock you?” Is the Truth, standing here before you, so repulsive that you reject me? If you think this is incredible and impossible to believe, what if I showed you where I have come from? What if I revealed to you my divinity and showed you the Kingdom of Heaven? If you cannot accept what I am saying, you will reject even these greater things.
And so, unwilling to trust Jesus and to accept what He was teaching, in John 6:66 we are told that many of His followers left Him and returned to their former way of life. Yet the Twelve remained, Peter speaking on their behalf and acknowledging that Jesus is the Son of God, and His words give life. Truly, as Christ said the flesh is of no avail–the other disciples relied too heavily on only what their eyes saw and their minds could comprehend—but the Spirit gives life. Peter and the Twelve, by choosing to trust Jesus and accepting what He was teaching even though they could not grasp it intellectually nor see with their eyes how it could be, made the correct choice; the love of these Twelve men prevailed over the paralyzing intellect of the others.
Thus, some time later, these same Twelve sat around the table and were reminded of that day when so many of their companions abandoned the Way, the Truth and the Life, unknowingly turning down an invitation to what would be the most memorable Passover in all of history. So when He held up the bread and the wine and said, “This is my Body…this is my blood,” they were not scandalized, confused or tempted in the least to run away. Rather, they ate and drank, and He charged them–those Twelve men, including the one who would betray Him–to “Do this in remembrance of me.” Since that day 2000 years ago the Church has celebrated the Thursday before Easter Sunday as the Feast of the Last Supper, the Passover at which Jesus entrusted the Sacrament of His Body and Blood–the Eucharist–to His new priesthood, charging them with the task to celebrate this new Passover which, as we read in the beginning of the Book of Acts and in St. Paul’s letter (1 Corinthians 11, for example), the first Christians were doing and have been continuing throughout the ages, in spite of persecution under Rome or any other ancient oppressor, Japan in the 1600s, Mexico in the 1920s, Nazi Germany and present day China and many Middle Eastern countries. Tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands throughout that history, have died a martyr’s death because their definition of “is” was that the Bread truly is what Jesus said it is, and so too the Wine.
For they recalled the words of St. John, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things came to be through him, and without him nothing came to be. What came to be through him was life, and this life was the light of the human race…” (John 1:1-4) In Genesis we read about the creation of the earth and all else, where God merely speaks a word and things exist. “Let there be light.” The Son of God is that Word, through Whom all things were made, as Christians have professed in the Creeds for ages, as John has written; if that Word once said, “Let there be light” and there was, how ought we to understand Him when He holds up a piece of bread and says, “This is my Body?” The martyrs I have mentioned, as well as those who remained and handed on the faith from the apostles to their successors and all those they taught, who passed on the teaching to their children and so on through the centuries…those who brought the Christian faith to western Germany over a thousand years ago and first taught the faith to my ancestors–teaching them that the Bread and Wine aren’t merely symbols or even vessels containing anything, but truly are the living Body and Blood, Soul and Divinity of Jesus Christ–who generation by generation passed that faith down to their children, to my great-great-great grandfather John, his son (also) Joseph, his son Joseph, his son Donald, my father Daniel and then myself…this is the powerful and timeless testimony of a whole people who, echoing the testimony of St. Peter, have said, “You have the words of eternal life. We have come to believe and are convinced that you are the Holy One of God.” They did not turn away from Him, did not deny the Eucharist, even when threatened with death, even when preached to by those who turned away completely or sought to alter the original teaching in such a way that it was, literally, easier to swallow. But, my brothers and sisters, if this is the New Passover, if Jesus is the Lamb of God, if this bread and wine is His Body and Blood, then we must remember what was taught to the people of God about the Passover in Exodus 12; you must eat the Lamb if you are to be saved. Hence why the Lamb of God said those words that caused so many to leave Him, “Unless you eat my flesh and drink my blood, you have no life within you…”
An interesting feature about the Sacrament of the Eucharist is that it appears under two appearances or “species.” Baptism, for example, appears under the sign of water; Confirmation under chrism, etc. To receive only the Host or only the Cup does not mean you’ve only receive “part” of the Eucharist, only one “portion” of Christ’s being; rather the Church has always taught that receiving one, the other or both is to receive the Sacrament of Christ in His entirety. Why, then, would Christ institute this Sacrament in this way? I don’t claim to have the answer, but here are some thoughts that have helped me to better understand this Sacrament and love Christ even more (we cannot ever love Him enough or too much).
Christ said at the Last Supper, “This is my body, which will be given for you; do this in memory of me…this cup is my blood, which will be shed for you.” (Luke 22:19-20) Already He foreshadows the painful reality: the Jesus they see before them will be slain. His body and His blood will be separated. It is fitting, then, that the Eucharist should be given to us in such a way, to remind us of His death.
One of the greatest criticisms Catholics receive from non-Catholic Christians–and they do so rarely out of hate for the Church but rather out of a passionate love and zeal for Christ–is that the Mass is blasphemous because in it Catholics crucify or sacrifice Christ again. And again. And again. Hundreds of thousands of times a day, all throughout the world. The Mass is a re-presentation (notice that all-important hyphen) of Christ’s sacrifice, but there is something being forgotten here. A sacrifice, in the traditional Jewish sense that we Christians have inherited from our Jewish ancestors, is a two-stage event.
First there is the sacrificial slaying where the blood of the animal is separated from the body. This is known as a sacrifice. The blood is usually collected and serves some later purpose, whether it is sprinkled, poured out, burned, etc. The flesh of the animal, or certain parts of the animal, likewise has its certain purposes. Whatever the purpose, however, the flesh, the blood, or both are offered as a sacrifice, oftentimes consumed by fire on the altar. What we see are two “sacrifices:” a sacrificial slaying and a sacrificial offering.
Christ died once and for all; we cannot sacrificially kill Him again. We see this in the Sacrament of the Eucharist, so different from the other six Sacraments in that there are two species. We see already that the Body and Blood are separate. The Sacrifice of the Mass, it seems to me, is the sacrificial offering, by the priest, of Jesus Christ’s Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity to God in atonement for our sins and those of the whole world. What offering could we possibly make in atonement for our sins that would grant us the reconciliation with God that we desire, that reconciliation which even hundreds of thousands of lambs every Passover for centuries could not obtain? Only the perfect sacrifice of Jesus Christ who, out of love for us, established this Sacrament of His Body and Blood so that His people, His Church, would have the perfect Lamb to offer God each and every day.
Consider, too, the fact that, again just as in the ancient Passover, we must eat the Lamb in order to have a share in the promise of the Sacrament. If the separation of the Body and the Blood signifies the death of Christ, what does the reunion of the Body and Blood inside our own bodies signify? RESURRECTION. Do not mistake me; the Body of Christ under the appearance of bread is not His dead flesh. Rather, it is the living flesh of His glorified Body; to eat His dead flesh would be cannibalism (the definition of which is the consuming of human flesh; there is no companion world for the consuming of whatever kind of flesh the risen, glorified Christ gives us!). Likewise the Blood of Christ under the appearance of wine is not His dead blood but is alive and contains life; His life. Remember the prohibition against drinking blood or eating meat with the blood still in it?
Leviticus 17:10-11–”As for anyone…who consumes any blood, I will set myself against that individual and will cut off that person from among the people, since the life of the flesh is in the blood…”
Yet Jesus, in John 6, said, “Unless you…drink my blood, you have no life within you. Whoever…drinks my blood will have eternal life.”
What an act of mercy, then, that just as God for our sake deigned to take on human flesh and come to us as one of us (rather than come as He Is and utterly terrify us!), Jesus deigns to give us His living Body and Blood not as bits of flesh and cups of blood but under the appearance–according to all five sense even–of innocent, normal food. It was hard enough for those disciples in John 6:66 to swallow Christ’s teachings; how much more difficult would it have been for the Twelve and for us today to swallow His flesh and drink His blood were it not veiled in mystery? Praise Jesus for His great love, mercy and patience! Christ gives us His promise in Baptism that in this new life with Him, we would be one; we become members of the Church, His Bride. Did He not teach us that “the two become on flesh?” In the Sacrament of the Eucharist that Baptismal promise–the Word He has given us–becomes flesh. When we receive this Sacrament of the Word-become-Flesh into our very bodies the Bridegroom and the Bride become one; Christ unites Himself to us in a profound, life-giving way. It is the Eucharist that makes us, literally, the Body of Christ; it is the very heart of the Church and not merely the sign or symbol of communion, but is Communion itself. “Pange lingua gloriosi Corporis mysterium…” indeed!

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Today we have the Sacrament of the Eucharist, ministered to us by the priests of the Church, those priests whose authority to minister this most precious Sacrament came to them by the bishop who ordained them, whose own authority came from the bishops who consecrated him, and so on all the way back to the Apostles, those first men entrusted with the Eucharistic ministry. As those Eleven (Judas did not remain, as we know) began their mission in the world, they chose as a successor to Judas Matthias, and as they went from city to city they would appoint other successors and invest in them all their own authority as well. The bishops of today are the successors of the Apostles of ages past; the priests of today are a part of that Apostolic succession. When you go to Mass, you are receiving the same Eucharistic Christ as the Twelve received at the Last Supper; when you receive communion from your priest–or someone appointed by him as an extraordinary minister–you are receiving from one whose ministry descends directly from the same men to whom Christ commanded, “Do this in memory of me.”
As we go and celebrate Holy Thursday and the Feast of the Last Supper, the Feast of the Institution of the Eucharist and the Feast of the Institution of the Priesthood, be joyful! Jesus, out of His love for the world, has left the Church with a gift more precious than we will ever fully understand. But faith is not about understanding; faith is about love.
God bless all of you this Triduum and above all this glorious Easter.
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